Mongolia
GANG INFORMATION
PROFILE
OFFICIAL NAME:
Mongolia
Geography
Area: 1,566,500 sq. km. (604,103 sq. mi.); slightly larger than
Alaska (land boundaries 8,114 km.).
Terrain: Almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert, of varying
usefulness; 1% arable; 9% forested.
Climate: Continental, with little precipitation and sharp seasonal
fluctuations.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Mongolian(s).
Population (2006 est.): 2.832 million.
Annual growth rate (2004): 1.43%.
Health (2004): Infant mortality rate--55.45/1,000. Life expectancy--64.17
yrs.
Ethnic groups (2004): 85% Mongol (predominantly Khalkha), 7% Turkic
(largest group, Kazakh) 4.6% Tungusic, and 3.4% others, including
Chinese and Russian.
Languages: Mongolian, Kazakh, Russian, and English.
Religions: Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 94%, Muslim 6% (primarily
in the southwest), and Shamanism.
Education: Years compulsory--8 (provided free by the government).
Literacy--more than 90%.
Government
Type: Multiparty parliamentary form of government.
Independence: gained in 1921; in 1990, democratic reform begun
and shift from dependence on the former Soviet Union declared.
Constitutions: 1960 and February 12, 1992.
Branches: Executive--power is divided between a president (elected
by a popular election in May 2005) and prime minister (current
cabinet nominated by the prime minister was approved in January
2006 by the State Great Hural, which was elected in June 2004).
Legislative--State Great Hural (76 deputies). Judicial--Constitutional
Court is empowered to supervise the implementation of the constitution,
makes judgment on the violation of its provisions, and solves
disputes. Legal code based on Continental and Russian law is under
revision. Legal education at Mongolian State Univ. and private
universities. Mongolia accepts ICJ jurisdiction.
Political parties: 25 announced political parties (20 listed under
"Government" section).
Suffrage: Universal at 18.
Administrative subdivisions: 18 aimags (provinces) and 3 autonomous
cities (Ulaanbaatar, Darhan, and Erdenet).
Economy
GDP (2003 est.): $4.877 billion.
GDP growth (2005 est.): 6.2%.
Per capita GDP in PPP (2003 est.): $1,800.
Natural resources: Coal, copper, molybdenum, iron, phosphates,
tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, uranium, and petroleum.
Agriculture (32% of 2003 GDP, livelihood for about 40% of population):
Products--livestock and byproducts, hay fodder, vegetables.
Industry (23% of 2003 GDP, includes mining, manufacturing, utilities
and construction): Types--Minerals (primarily copper and gold),
animal-derived products, building materials, food/beverage.
Trade (2003): Exports--$615.9 million: minerals, livestock, animal
products, and textiles. Markets--China 46.6%, U.S. 23.2%, Russia
6.7%, Korea 4.3%, Japan 1.2%. Imports--$801 million: machinery
and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building equipment, vehicles, textiles. Suppliers--Russia
33.1%, China 24.3%, Japan 7.9%, U.S. 2.9%, Germany 4.4%.
Aid received: From 1990-2004, official development assistance
to Mongolia from bilateral and multilateral donors was $2.7 billion.
Fiscal year: Calendar year.
PEOPLE
Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has recently become more urbanized.
Nearly half of the people live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and
in other provincial centers. Semi-nomadic life still predominates
in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming
more common. Mongolia's birth rate is estimated at 21.59 births/1000
people (2006). About two-thirds of the total population is under
age 30, 27.9% of whom are under 14.
Ethnic Mongols account for about 85% of the population and consist
of Khalkha and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects
of the Mongol language. Mongol is an Altaic language--from the
Altaic Mountains of Central Asia, a language family comprising
the Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic subfamilies--and is related
to Turkic (Uzbek, Turkish, and Kazakh), Korean, and, possibly,
Japanese. The Khalkha make up 90% of the ethnic Mongol population.
The remaining 10% include Durbet Mongols and others in the north
and Dariganga Mongols in the east. Turkic speakers (Kazakhs, Turvins,
and Khotans) constitute 7% of Mongolia's population, and the rest
are Tungusic-speakers, Chinese, and Russians. Most Russians left
the country following the withdrawal of economic aid and collapse
of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism was the predominant religion.
However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990,
with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990,
as liberalization began, Buddhism has enjoyed a resurgence. About
4 million Mongols live outside Mongolia; about 3.4 million live
in China, mainly in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and
some 500,000 live in Russia, primarily in Buryatia and Kalmykia.
HISTORY
In 1206 AD, a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic
tribal groupings under the leadership of Genghis Khan. He and
his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European
Russia and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast
Asia. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, who conquered China
and established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368 AD), gained fame in
Europe through the writings of Marco Polo.
Although Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political
power over their conquered territories, their strength declined
rapidly after the Mongol dynasty in China was overthrown in 1368.
The Manchus, a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and
formed the Qing dynasty, were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu
control in 1691 as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles
swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor. The Mongol
rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the
Manchus, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the
establishment of the republic have rested on this oath. In 1727,
Russia and Manchu China concluded the Treaty of Khiakta, delimiting
the border between China and Mongolia that exists in large part
today.
Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province (1691-1911), an autonomous
state under Russian protection (1912-19), and again a Chinese
province (1919-21). As Manchu authority in China waned, and as
Russia and Japan confronted each other, Russia gave arms and diplomatic
support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and
nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their
independence of Chinese rule in 1911, shortly after a successful
Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913
and 1915, the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican
Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese
control, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching
a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from
as many foreign sources as possible.
The Russian revolution and civil war afforded Chinese warlords
an opportunity to re-establish their rule in Outer Mongolia, and
Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Following Soviet
military victories over White Russian forces in the early 1920s
and the occupation of the Mongolian capital Urga in July 1921,
Moscow again became the major outside influence on Mongolia. The
Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 25, 1924.
Between 1925 and 1928, power under the communist regime was consolidated
by the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The MPRP
left gradually undermined rightist elements, seizing control of
the party and the government. Several factors characterized the
country during this period: The society was basically nomadic
and illiterate; there was no industrial proletariat; the aristocracy
and the religious establishment shared the country's wealth; there
was widespread popular obedience to traditional authorities; the
party lacked grassroots support; and the government had little
organization or experience.
In an effort at swift socioeconomic reform, the leftist government
applied extreme measures that attacked the two most dominant institutions
in the country--the aristocracy and the religious establishment.
Between 1932 and 1945, their excess zeal, intolerance, and inexperience
led to anti-communist uprisings. In the late 1930s, purges directed
at the religious institution resulted in the desecration of hundreds
of Buddhist institutions and imprisonment of more than 10,000
people.
During World War II, because of a growing Japanese threat over
the Mongolian-Manchurian border, the Soviet Union reversed the
course of Mongolian socialism in favor of a new policy of economic
gradualism and buildup of the national defense. The Soviet-Mongolian
army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia
in the summer of 1939, and a truce was signed setting up a commission
to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that
year.
Following the war, the Soviet Union reasserted its influence
in Mongolia. Secure in its relations with Moscow, the Mongolian
Government shifted to postwar development, focusing on civilian
enterprise. International ties were expanded, and Mongolia established
relations with North Korea and the new communist governments in
Eastern Europe. It also increased its participation in communist-sponsored
conferences and international organizations. Mongolia became a
member of the United Nations in 1961.
In the early 1960s, Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral
position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet polemics;
this orientation changed in the middle of the decade. Mongolia
and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced
large-scale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup
along the Sino-Soviet frontier.
During the period of Sino-Soviet tensions, relations between
Mongolia and China deteriorated. In 1983, Mongolia systematically
began expelling some of the 7,000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to
China. Many of them had lived in Mongolia since the 1950s, when
they were sent there to assist in construction projects.
Chronology of Mongolian History 1921-Present
March 13, 1921: Provisional People's Government declares independence
of Mongolia.
May 31, 1924: U.S.S.R. signs agreement with Peking government,
referring to Outer Mongolia as an "integral part of the Republic
of China," whose "sovereignty" therein the Soviet
Union promises to respect.
May-September 16, 1939: Large scale fighting takes place between
Japanese and Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on Mongolia-Manchuria
border, ending in defeat of the Japanese expeditionary force.
Truce negotiated between U.S.S.R. and Japan.
October 6, 1949: Newly established People's Republic of China
accepts recognition accorded Mongolia and agrees to establish
diplomatic relations.
October 1961: Mongolia becomes a member of the United Nations.
January 27, 1987: Diplomatic relations established with the United
States.
December 1989: First popular reform demonstrations. Mongolian
Democratic Association organized.
January 1990: Large-scale demonstrations demanding democracy held
in sub-zero weather.
March 2, 1990: Soviets and Mongolians announce that all Soviet
troops will be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
May 1990: Constitution amended to provide for multi-party system
and new elections.
July 29, 1990: First democratic elections held.
September 3, 1990: First democratically elected People's Great
Hural takes office.
February 12, 1992: New constitution goes into effect.
April 8, 1992: New election law passed.
June 28, 1992: Election for the first unicameral legislature (State
Great Hural).
June 6, 1993: First direct presidential election.
June 30, 1996: Election resulted in peaceful transition of power
from former communist party to coalition of democratic parties.
From 1998-2000, four prime ministers and a series of cabinet changes.
In early 2000, Democratic Coalition dissolved.
July 2, 2000: Election resulted in victory for the former communist
Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (MPRP); first-past-the-post
electoral system enabled MPRP, with 52% of the popular vote, to
win 95% of the parliamentary seats; formation of new government
by Prime Minister N. Enkhbayar.
June 27, 2004: Motherland-Democracy Coalition formed in early
2004 to contest the parliamentary election. Election resulted
in roughly 50/50 split of parliamentary seats between former communist
party and democratic opposition and formation of new government
by Prime Minister T. Elbegdorj (Democratic Party).
January 2006: MPRP ministers resigned from the government, and
the government dissolved. A new coalition government, led by the
MPRP with the participation of four smaller parties, formed.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Until 1990, the Mongolian Government was modeled on the Soviet
system; only the communist party--the MPRP--officially was permitted
to function. After some instability during the first two decades
of communist rule in Mongolia, there was no significant popular
unrest until December 1989. Collectivization of animal husbandry,
introduction of agriculture, and the extension of fixed abodes
were all carried out without perceptible popular opposition.
The birth of perestroika in the former Soviet Union and the democracy
movement in Eastern Europe were mirrored in Mongolia. The dramatic
shift toward reform started in early 1990 when the first organized
opposition group, the Mongolian Democratic Union, appeared. In
the face of extended street protests in subzero weather and popular
demands for faster reform, the politburo of the MPRP resigned
in March 1990. In May, the constitution was amended, deleting
reference to the MPRP's role as the guiding force in the country,
legalizing opposition parties, creating a standing legislative
body, and establishing the office of president.
Mongolia's first multi-party elections for a People's Great Hural
were held on July 29, 1990. The MPRP won 85% of the seats. The
People's Great Hural first met on September 3 and elected a president
(MPRP), vice president (SDP--Social Democrats), prime minister
(MPRP), and 50 members to the Baga Hural (small Hural). The vice
president also was chairman of the Baga Hural. In November 1991,
the People's Great Hural began discussion on a new constitution,
which entered into force February 12. In addition to establishing
Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing
a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured
the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature,
the State Great Hural (SGH).
The 1992 constitution provided that the president would be elected
by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before. In June
1993, incumbent Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat won the first popular presidential
election running as the candidate of the democratic opposition.
As the supreme government organ, the SGH is empowered to enact
and amend laws, determine domestic and foreign policy, ratify
international agreements, and declare a state of emergency. The
SGH meets semiannually for 3-4 month sessions. SGH members elect
a chairman and vice chairman who serve 4-year terms. SGH members
are popularly elected by district for 4-year terms.
The president is the head of state, commander in chief of the
armed forces, and head of the National Security Council. He is
popularly elected by a national majority for a 4-year term and
limited to two terms. The constitution empowers the president
to propose a prime minister, call for the government's dissolution
in consultation with the SGH chairman, initiate legislation, veto
all or parts of legislation (the SGH can override the veto with
a two-thirds majority), and issue decrees, which become effective
with the prime minister's signature. In the absence, incapacity,
or resignation of the president, the SGH chairman exercises presidential
power until inauguration of a newly elected president.
The government, headed by the prime minister, has a 4-year term.
The prime minister is nominated by the president and confirmed
by the SGH. Under constitutional changes made in 2001, the president
is required to nominate the prime ministerial candidate proposed
by a party or coalition with a majority of members of the SGH.
The prime minister chooses a cabinet, subject to SGH approval.
Dissolution of the government occurs upon the prime minister's
resignation, simultaneous resignation of half the cabinet, or
after an SGH vote for dissolution.
Local hurals are elected by the 18 aimags (provinces) plus the
capital, Ulaanbaatar, and cities of Darhan and Erdenet. On the
next lower administrative level, they are elected by provincial
subdivisions and urban subdistricts in Ulaanbaatar and the municipalities,
Darhan and Erdenet.
Political Parties
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Democratic Party
Mongolian Green Party
Mongolian People's Party
Mongolian Republican Party
Mongolian Workers' Party
Mongolian Traditional United Party
Mongolian Solidarity Party
Mongolian Party for Tradition and Justice
Mongolian Democratic Socialist Party
Mongolian Youth Party
Mongolian Liberal Democratic Party
Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party
Mongolian Communist Party
Mongolian Local Development Party
Mongolian Civil Democratic New Liberal Party
Mongolian Civil Courage Party
Mongolian New Social Democratic Party
Mongolian United Ethnographical Party
National New Party
Legal System
The 1992 constitution empowered a General Council of Courts (GCC)
to select all judges and protect their rights. The Supreme Court
is the highest judicial body. Justices are nominated by the GCC
and confirmed by the SGH and president. The court is constitutionally
empowered to examine all lower court decisions--excluding specialized
court rulings--upon appeal and provide official interpretations
on all laws except the constitution.
Specialized civil, criminal, and administrative courts exist
at all levels and are not subject to Supreme Court supervision.
Local authorities--district and city governors--ensure that these
courts abide by presidential decrees and SGH decisions. At the
apex of the judicial system is the Constitutional Court, which
consists of nine members, including a chairman, appointed for
6-year terms, whose jurisdiction extends solely over the interpretation
of the constitution.
Principal Government Officials
President--Nambaryn Enkhbayar
Prime Minister--Miyeegombo Enkhbold
Mongolia maintains an embassy in the United States at 2833 M
Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20007; tel. (202) 333-7117, fax (202)
298-9227.
ECONOMY
Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on
herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits;
copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for
a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its
height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91
at the time of the dismantlement of the U.S.S.R. The following
decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political
inaction and natural disasters as well as economic growth due
to reform embracing free-market economics and extensive privatization
of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts
in 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 resulted in massive livestock die-off
and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling
prices for Mongolia’s primary-sector exports and widespread
opposition to privatization. Growth improved to 4% in 2002, 5%
in 2003, 10.6% in 2004, and an estimated 6.2% in 2005. Much of
the growth was due to high copper prices and new gold production.
Mongolia’s economy continues to be heavily influenced by
its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum
products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia,
leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia’s
chief export partner and a main source of the “shadow,”
or “gray” economy. The gray economy is estimated to
be about half the size of the official economy (U.S. $1.4 billion
in 2005). The actual size of this gray--largely cash--economy
is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass through
the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector. Remittances
from Mongolians working abroad both legally and illegally constitute
a sizeable portion. Money laundering is growing as an accompanying
concern. Mongolia settled its large debt to Russia at the end
of 2003 on very favorable terms. Mongolia, which joined the World
Trade Organization in 1997, is the only member of that organization
to not be a participant in a regional trade organization. Mongolia
seeks to expand its participation and integration into Asian regional
economic and trade regimes.
Environment
As a result of rapid urbanization and industrial growth policies
under the communist regime, Mongolia's deteriorating environment
has become a major concern. The burning of soft coal coupled with
thousands of factories in Ulaanbaatar has resulted in severely
polluted air. Deforestation, overgrazed pastures, and efforts
to increase grain and hay production by plowing up more virgin
land have increased soil erosion from wind and rain. With the
rapid growth of newly privatized herds, overgrazing in selected
areas also is a concern. Over the last few years, there has been
a sharp boom in the number of informal gold miners, who often
illegally use mercury. There is growing concern that the informal
mining sector may lead to an epidemic of mercury poisoning.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
In the wake of the international socialist economic system's collapse
and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolians
began to pursue an independent and nonaligned foreign policy.
Mongolia is landlocked between Russia and China, and seeks cordial
relations with both nations. At the same time, Mongolia has sought
to advance its regional and global relations. Ties with Japan
and South Korea are particularly strong. Japan is the largest
bilateral aid donor to Mongolia, a position it has held since
1991. Mongolia has also made efforts to steadily boost ties with
European countries.
As part of its aim to establish a more balanced nonaligned foreign
policy, Mongolia has sought to take a more active role in the
United Nations and other international organizations, and has
pursued a more active role in Asian and northeast Asian affairs.
Mongolia is seeking to join the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
forum (APEC) and became a full participant in the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) in July 1998. Mongolia became a full member of the
Pacific Economic Cooperation Council in April 2000. Mongolia is
an observer in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, but has
stated it does not intend to seek membership.
Mongolian relations with China began to improve in the mid-1980s
when consular agreements were reached and cross-border trade contacts
expanded. In May 1990, a Mongolian head of state visited China
for the first time in 28 years. The cornerstone of the Mongolian-Chinese
relationship is a 1994 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, which
codifies mutual respect for the independence and territorial integrity
of both sides. China has objected strongly to the five visits
since 1990 of the Dalai Lama; during the last, in 2002, China
briefly disrupted railroad links for "technical" reasons.
There are regular high-level visits and expanding trade ties.
President Hu Jintao visited Mongolia in 2003. President Bagabandi
visited China in 2004, and President Enkhbayar visited in 2005.
After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia
developed relations with the new independent states. Links with
Russia and other republics were essential to contribute to stabilization
of the Mongolian economy. In 1991, Mongolia and Russia concluded
both a Joint Declaration of Cooperation and a bilateral trade
agreement. This was followed by a 1993 Treaty of Friendship and
Cooperation establishing a new basis of equality in the relationship.
Mongolian President Bagabandi visited Moscow in 1999, and Russian
President Vladimir Putin visited Mongolia in 2000 in order to
sign the 25-point Ulaanbaatar Declaration, reaffirming Mongol-Russian
friendship and cooperation on numerous economic and political
issues. In December 2003, Mongolia finally settled the Soviet-era
debt it owed to Russia with a negotiated payment of $250 million.
In July 2006, Prime Minister Fradkov visited Mongolia with a large
business delegation. The Mongolian and Russian Governments continue
to jointly own the railroad and the large Erdenet copper mine.
U.S.-MONGOLIAN RELATIONS
The U.S. Government recognized Mongolia in January 1987 and established
its first embassy in Ulaanbaatar in June 1988. It formally opened
in September 1988. The first U.S. ambassador to Mongolia, Richard
L. Williams, was not resident there. Joseph E. Lake, the first
resident ambassador, arrived in July 1990. Secretary of State
James A. Baker, III visited Mongolia in August 1990, and again
in July 1991. Mongolia accredited its first ambassador to the
United States in March 1989. Secretary of State Madeline Albright
visited Mongolia in May 1998, and Prime Minister Enkhbayar visited
Washington in November 2001. Deputy Secretary of State Richard
L. Armitage visited Mongolia in January 2004, and President Bagabandi
came to Washington for a meeting with President Bush in July 2004.
President Bush, Mrs. Bush, and Secretary of State Condoleezza
Rice visited Mongolia in November 2005. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld
visited in October 2005 and Speaker of the House of Representatives
Dennis Hastert visited Mongolia in August 2005. Agriculture Secretary
Johanns led a Presidential Delegation in conjunction with Mongolia’s
celebration of its 800th Anniversary.
The United States has sought to assist Mongolia's movement toward
democracy and market-oriented reform and to expand relations with
Mongolia primarily in the cultural and economic fields. In 1989
and 1990, a cultural accord, Peace Corps accord, consular convention,
and Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) agreement were
signed. A trade agreement was signed in January 1991 and a bilateral
investment treaty in 1994. Mongolia was granted permanent normal
trade relations (NTR) status and generalized system of preferences
(GSP) eligibility in June 1999. In July 2004, the U.S. signed
a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement with Mongolia to promote
economic reform and more foreign investment.
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) plays a
lead role in providing bilateral American assistance to Mongolia.
The program emphasizes two main themes: sustainable, private sector-led
economic growth; and more effective and accountable governance.
Total USAID assistance to Mongolia from 1991 through 2005 has
been about $150 million, all in grant form. About two-thirds of
the current (2006) budget of $7.5 million a year promotes economic
growth, and focuses on macroeconomic policy reform, energy sector
commercialization, financial sector reform, strengthening the
cashmere and tourism industries, and providing business development
services to small and medium enterprises in both rural and urban
areas. The other third focuses on judicial sector reform, electoral
reform, parliamentary reform, and anti-corruption work.
In most years since 1993, the United States Department of Agriculture
has provided food aid to Mongolia under the Food for Progress
and 416(b) programs. The monetized proceeds of the food aid ($3.7
million in 2005) is currently used to support programs bolstering
entrepreneurship, herder diversification, better veterinary services,
and disaster relief. The United States has also supported defense
reform and an increased capacity by Mongolia's armed forces to
participate in international peacekeeping operations. Mongolia
has contributed small numbers of troops to coalition operations
in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003, gaining experience which enabled
it to deploy armed peacekeepers to both UN and NATO peacekeeping
missions in 2005.
The Peace Corps currently has almost 100 volunteers in Mongolia.
They are engaged primarily in English teaching and teacher training
activities. At the request of the Government of Mongolia, the
Peace Corps has developed programs in the areas of public health
and the environment.
Principal U.S. Embassy Official
Ambassador--Pamela J. Slutz
The U.S. Embassy is located in Micro District 11, Big Ring Road,
Ulaanbaatar; tel. [976] (1) 329-095 or 329-606, fax 320-776. Consular
and commercial information are available at the embassy's web
site: http://mongolia.usembassy.gov.
The Mongolia Investment Climate Statement is available at www.state.gov/e/eb,
and the Mongolia Country Commercial Guide can be found at http://www.export.gov/mrktresearch/index.asp.
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provides authoritative economic, business, and international trade
information from the Federal government. The site includes current
and historical trade-related releases, international market research,
trade opportunities, and country analysis and provides access
to the National Trade Data Bank.
